Is There Such a Thing as Too Much Vitamin C?

During the winter months, millions of Americans reach for handfuls of pills and fizzy powders bursting with everyone's favorite immune booster: vitamin C. After all, if eating an orange is healthy, then getting the vitamin C equivalent of 16 oranges is even healthier, right? Certainly that's what the Nobel Prize–winning chemist Linus Pauling, PhD, thought. In the 1960s, Pauling developed a theory that taking large amounts of vitamin C (he reportedly took up to 18,000 milligrams a day—about 280 oranges' worth) warded off colds, the flu, and even cancer.

Research in the decades since has failed to substantiate Pauling's claims, but new science actually suggests that America's vitamin C habit may be harming our health. A recent study conducted at the University of Jena, in Germany, found that supplements of vitamins C and E can subvert some of the benefits of exercise. Physical activity produces chemical by-products called reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS can cause some tissue damage, they also spur the body to metabolize calories (helping you lose weight) and improve insulin response (helping you process sugar). This last perk explains why many doctors recommend that patients at risk for diabetes get more exercise.

Yet vitamins C and E are antioxidants, meaning they work to eradicate ROS. Consuming the levels of antioxidants found in regular servings of fruits and vegetables destroys just some ROS; megadosing with the amounts found in supplements can extinguish nearly all of them before they have a chance to spark the body's metabolic and insulin responses. Excess vitamin C is also linked to an increased risk of osteoarthritis as well as gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea and indigestion. Looks like it's time to kick that Emergen-C habit.



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How do antioxidants affect my workout?

Sales of orange juice are soaring as people seek flu protection from vitamin C, The Globe and Mail reported last month.

Old habits die hard, and our faith in the power of antioxidants is deeply entrenched. Over the past few years, a vast series of studies involving hundreds of thousands of subjects have failed to find any health benefits from antioxidant supplements.

Now, a handful of studies suggest that popping these pills may even block some of the benefits of exercise, and even slow down post-workout muscle recovery.

It would be premature to pronounce the end of the vitamin era on the basis of a few studies – as premature as it was to leap on the bandwagon in the first place – but some skepticism is due.

“For something like vitamin C, it's important to have enough,” says Stephen Cheung, a physiologist at Brock University. “But that doesn't mean more is better.”

Antioxidants – vitamins C and E as well as molecules ranging from beta-carotene to the currently fashionable resveratrol – attack and neutralize the “free radicals” associated with aging and disease. Exercise stimulates the production of free radicals, which is why athletes are often advised to take antioxidant supplements.

But exercise is itself an antioxidant, since the body gradually learns to produce more and more of its own antioxidants in response to the spike of free radicals generated by exercise. One theory now gaining support is that taking extra antioxidants means the body never gets the opportunity to adapt on its own.

In May, Michael Ristow and colleagues at the University of Jena in Germany published a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examining how a four-week exercise program affected insulin sensitivity – one of the most significant health benefits conferred by physical activity. Half of the 40 volunteers were given a placebo, and saw significant improvements in insulin sensitivity; the other half took 1,000 milligrams of vitamin C and 400 IU of vitamin E each day, and saw no change despite the exercise regime.

To Dr. Ristow, this suggests that antioxidants are unequivocally bad, even though the research in favour of eating fruits and vegetables is unimpeachable.

It implies that fruits and vegetables are healthy despite their antioxidant content, not because of it, and that “other compounds in fruit and vegetables are responsible for their health-promoting effects,” he explained in an e-mail exchange.

The idea that antioxidants can stave off some muscle damage and soreness caused by free radicals after heavy exercise has also taken a hit.

In a study published in the September issue of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Portuguese researchers studying the national kayak team found hints that a cocktail of antioxidants actually delayed muscle recovery after training when compared with a placebo.

Victor Hugo Teixeira of the University of Porto, the study's lead author, speculates that free radicals may serve as a natural brake to prevent excessive exertion, while antioxidants override that signal and allow the muscles to work a little harder and sustain greater damage.

If that's true, athletes might benefit from taking antioxidants right before a competition, but would impede their recovery from training by taking them on a regular basis.

Even if antioxidants do ruin your workout, many people would gladly take that risk if it helped them avoid the flu. It is well established that they can help boost immune function in people who have undergone extreme physical exertion, such as ultramarathoners, Dr. Cheung says. But it's less clear that the same benefits accrue in everyday life.

In a study published last year, Dr. Cheung had volunteers cycle at moderate intensity for two hours – hardly slacking – and tested whether their immune function was helped by 1,500 milligrams of vitamin C a day for two weeks afterward.

The results were equivocal: If there was any effect, it was weak.

Dr. Cheung's advice is to ensure you are getting enough vitamin C from your diet, and if not, to change your diet before resorting to supplementation.

In a field where the science is still hotly contested, this seems like wise counsel. Some day, perhaps, we'll know exactly which molecules make fruit and vegetables so good for us – but until then, as long as you're eating lots of them, you don't have to worry about which ones.

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Just what can Vitamin C do for your cold?

I've been knocked out for more than a week with a cold. And as those who know me will tell you, I'm not a good patient. I'm used to being busy and keeping an active schedule, but sometimes our bodies have other plans. And despite social obligations and ongoing work pressures, there comes a time when the body just shuts down - forcing you to stay in and get much-needed rest.

Because I believe so much in the use of natural products and vitamins when it comes to healing ourselves, of course I turned to good old-fashioned Vitamin C to help fight off my cold. But is that really the best thing to cure what ails you?

WebMD.com says that we've been reaching for Vitamin C as a cold remedy since the 1970s. But apparently, recent studies "have found little to no benefit for Vitamin C preventing or treating the common cold." A 2007 study looked at whether taking 200 milligrams or more of daily C reduced the frequency, duration or severity of a cold (like mine). After examining 60 years of clinical research, this study found Vitamin C supplements don't make a cold much shorter or even much less severe.

Some studies found that while Vitamin C's benefits don't make much difference to average people, Mayo Clinic.com says that skiers and elite athletes--such as marathon runners--found its use reduced THEIR cold risk by about 50 percent.

Although vitamin supplements can be helpful, as always, the best source of vitamins is what we eat. Making sure we eat Vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables and drink citrus-rich juices is the best source of this important nutrient. Our bodies require sound sleep, and we need to do everything we can to keep our hands washed and clean and free of as many germs as possible.

Perhaps it's good that we realize Vitamin C isn't the cure-all for our colds. Maybe we can stop looking for shortcuts and take a more holistic approach to overall health. And that's what will make a long-term difference.



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Bountiful boysenberries

No other fruit speaks of Christmas in Nelson more than the boysenberry.

Boysenberries give the words plump, luscious and healthy new meaning; they are the ultimate berry.

Coming into season now makes them perfect Christmas fruit.

Nelson is the New Zealand home of boysenberries. Very picky about where they grow, they flourish here, and the only other countries in the world that produce them are North America and Chile. They like cool winters and a temperate spring and autumn.

Boysenberries were discovered in the United States in the 1920s – a cross between a loganberry, a blackberry and a raspberry. They arrived in New Zealand in the 1960s, and production has increased over the decades.

Nelson is the home of Berryfruit New Zealand, a co-operative of boysenberry growers from throughout the region who export their fruit collectively as well as selling it nationally. New Zealand now produces in the range of 3000 tonnes a year.

What we can claim about boysenberries is that those grown here have the highest levels of antioxidants in the world.

Mostly we rail against the hole in the ozone layer and our high levels of ultraviolet light, but these factors mean that boysenberries here are said to have been found to have the highest levels of antioxidants found in the fruit anywhere. The plant builds up a defence to combat the intense UV rays in this part of the world, and this concentrates antioxidants in the fruit.

The antioxidant values for blackcurrants, boysenberries and blueberries far outweigh those of others.

They are also high in vitamin C, fibre and ellagic acid, a compound that is an anti-carcinogen, anti-viral and anti-bacterial. What more could you ask for? Forget the apple a day and go for a plate of boysenberries instead.

There is no excuse for not eating them year-round, either. Nelson has a producer called Sujon that individually quick-freezes the fruit. Bags of Sujon frozen boysenberries and other berries, such as blackberries, blueberries and blackcurrants, can be found in the freezer section of New World, Pak 'n Save and Fresh Choice, retailing for about $9 a kilogram.

Sue and John Gibb were boysenberry growers in the 1980s, and an oversupply of fresh fruit led them to freeze the berries and to start looking for outlets for their products. Retailers and restaurants soon took advantage.

Sujon now distributes throughout New Zealand and, more recently, overseas, where demand is high, particularly among Asian consumers, who understand better than Kiwis the extraordinary high health benefits of berryfruit.

Boysenberries are a staple in icecream, yoghurts, smoothies and parfaits. They are delicious plain and fresh with a little icing sugar and cream. They are so good served this way that it isn't really necessary to do more. Gorge yourselves for the next month, and drive out to one of the various berry growers still operating close to Nelson.

Berryfields in McShane Rd, Appleby is the biggest supplier of boysenberries in the country, and its shop starts boysenberry sales this week. Don't delay, as the season is a short one, from mid-December to mid-January – so it is just as well that frozen berries taste so good as well.

Recipes

Boysenberries are an essential ingredient in the best breakfast yet: Swiss bircher muesli with boysenberries, yoghurt and maple syrup. Use Biofarm Organic Bush Honey Yoghurt and try the Woolworths brand of bircher muesli.

Soak the amount of muesli you desire in milk, to ensure that all the grains are moistened, for at least 30 minutes or overnight.

Place the muesli in a serving bowl and add thawed frozen boysenberries (fresh ones if you have them) to taste. Top the mixture with yoghurt and drizzle with maple syrup.


BOYSENBERRY TRIFLE
This is a delicious Christmas Day dessert. Feeds 4-6.

Sponge cake:

4 eggs
125g caster sugar
125g flour

50g unsalted melted butter Preheat the oven to 180 degrees Celsius. Grease a medium springform pan with butter and then dust with flour.

Whisk the eggs and sugar until the mixture is light and airy (about 10 minutes).

Sift in the flour and add the melted butter. Pour into the pan and cook for about 30 minutes until done. Cool.

Store the cake for a couple of days in an airtight container. When you are ready to make the trifle, cut the cake into pieces about 2cm-3cm square and put in a large flat bowl. Sprinkle with sherry or brandy to taste.


Custard:

3 cups of milk
1/3 cup sugar
1 1/2 Tbsp flour
5 egg yolks
1 tsp vanilla

Heat the milk in the top of a double boiler.

Mix the sugar and the flour. Add to the egg yolks and beat together well.

Add the milk and stir with a wire whisk.

Return to the double boiler and cook over simmering water, stirring constantly, until thickened. Add the vanilla. Cool quickly.


Fruit and cream:

500g of fresh boysenberries, washed and cleaned
2 tbsp cassis liqueur
3-4 tbsp caster sugar
300ml cream
2 Tbsp icing sugar
1 tsp vanilla essence

Mash a few of the berries to create some liquid. Add the cassis and caster sugar and mix through all the berries. Let them soak together for at least a couple of hours.

Whip the cream and add the icing sugar and vanilla.

Assemble the trifle in a glass bowl so you can appreciate the layers.

First, layer the cake, followed by fruit and then custard. Repeat until you have used up all of the ingredients. Top with cream and refrigerate.


BOYSENBERRIES AND PEARS WITH MASCARPONE

For 4 people – adapted from a Cuisine magazine recipe. Vanilla sugar is made by blending 3-4 vanilla beans with 1 cup of caster sugar in a food processor until the vanilla is reduced to black dots.

2 pears, cored and halved
250g boysenberries
1 cup white wine
1/2 cup water
1/2 cup vanilla sugar
150g mascarpone

Bring the wine, water and vanilla sugar to a simmer and add the pears, simmering until tender (about 15-20 minutes).

Remove the pears to a serving dish and quickly add the boysenberries to the syrup for a minute or two. Remove and add to the pears.

Reduce the liquid to about half.

Mix together the mascarpone and 3-4 Tbsp of vanilla sugar (to taste).

Place a pear half and boysenberries on individual plates. Pour over some of the liquid and add a dollop of the mascarpone.

* Research by Elizabeth Latham and Serge Crottaz, of the School of Tourism, Hospitality and Wellbeing at the Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology. Fresh at NMIT appears fortnightly, exploring the local connection to food and beverages through the eyes of its leading hospitality educators.



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High-Dose Vitamin C Tied to Increased Cataracts Risk in Women

Taking high-dose vitamin C dietary supplements may boost women’s chances of developing age-related cataracts, a new Swedish study suggests.

The study from researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm said in some cases, women taking the tablets were at least 25 percent more likely to have age-related cataracts than women who did not take the supplements, according to a Reuters news report.

The study findings appear in the latest issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

The study focused on about 24,600 women who were followed for longer than eight years. Women who used vitamin C supplements of about 1000 milligrams regularly or occasionally were at increased risk of suffering the eye condition, the researchers said.

Women who took the extra vitamin C for 10 years or longer, were 65 years or older, or were also taking hormone replacement or corticosteroid drugs were at even greater risks, the study found.
Keep Eating Those Fruits and Veggies

So that’s the bad news. But the good news is, the study suggests the increased cataracts risk is only associated with vitamin C from dietary supplements, not that derived from fruits and vegetables. Previous studies have found similar links between high-dose vitamin C supplements and increased cataracts risk.

Millions of women take vitamin C supplements to fight against colds and other infections and for other health benefits. However, the new Swedish study suggests curtailing the use may be a good idea.

Older Women At Greatest Risk

In the study group, 59 percent of the 49 to 83 year old otherwise healthy women said they used some sort of dietary supplement. Of these women, five percent said they only took vitamin C supplements and nine percent said they took only multivitamins that contained about 60 milligrams of vitamin C, according to Reuters.

Of the 1,225 women who took only vitamin C supplements, 143 (about 13 percent) had cataracts removed during the study period. In contrast, cataracts were removed in 878 of 9,974 women who did not use any supplements (roughly nine percent) and in 252 of 2,259 multivitamin-only users (about 11 percent).



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The Top 5 Beauty Foods

We all know the right foods can boost brain power and affect our moods, and we recently learned the ones that can help us live longer. But have you ever thought about how what you put in your mouth shows up your face (beyond that whole pizza/acne myth). Here, dietitian Jae Berman dishes out how you can truly eat your way to better skin:

1. Vegetables: Think green and orange foods (spinach, carrots, sweet potatoes, citrus). They contain the antioxidant vitamin C which facilitates cell turnover and aids in collagen production. Carrots also contain vitamin A which, combined with the C, helps increase the skin's natural sun protection—and they help prevent breakouts by getting rid of dead skin cells.

2. Berries: The flavinols in cherries, blackberries, blueberries, and raspberries (and in dark chocolate!) act as an antioxidant and improve skin texture, leaving it soft and smooth.

3. Fish: Skip the facial and eat fish two to three times a week. Salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids—an anti-inflammatory that fights puffiness, redness, and irritation. Even canned tuna has benefits: It battles wrinkles with Selenium, a mineral that preserves the elastin in the skin, which keeps it tight.

4. Nuts: They make quick, easy snacks and just a handful does a lot of good. Almonds help protect skin from UV light because they contain high levels of antioxidant vitamin E. Walnuts contain omega-3 fatty acids and act as an anti-inflammatory, just like fish.

5. Oils: One of Cleopatra's ancient beauty secrets—olive oil. It's high in antioxidants and keeps skin supple. And flaxseed oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, just like fish, and offers all the same benefits.



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The Big Benefits of Apple

Every December, I always remember the apple fruit. Looking back years ago, for our “Kris Kringle” events, it is often sent as a gift. When the rule says, something spherical, almost all would think of an apple. When we’re asked to give something red, it would be quite obvious that we’ll all receive an apple. At least 25 years ago, to buy an apple at R10 each is too costly; but as a nutritionist who has known a lot of benefits from the apple fruit, now I’d say that, it is worth the goodness of that fruit. Most of us have even grown to know that “an apple a day, keeps the doctors away;”to that statement, there is truth in every word.

Apple is a source of fiber and vitamin C. When you munch that crispy apple, you are able to put into your body that Vitamin C. This vitamin in apple is necessary for a lot of important things in our body like: Healing of wounds, prevention of certain types of anemia, building resistance to infection, amino acid metabolism and improvement of iron utilization. Vitamin C is also important for the production of a substance that gives structure to muscles, blood vessels, bones and cartilage. Aside from these important functions, vitamin C silently protects the cells from oxidative damage; as such, it helps in providing heart health as it is seen to play a role in preventing the oxidation of “bad cholesterols (LDL).”

Other than the benefits from vitamin C, apples contain a long list of phytonutrients (like quercitin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid). They say that to have the full health advantage from apples, we must eat it with its skin on (but after thorough washing). Quercitin is considered as a natural anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory; with this, some asthmatics are relieved from symptoms of their asthma. Cancer specialists have also looked into the potential anti-prostate cancer benefits from quercitin. When you’re feeling depressed, with fatigue and anxiety, try a dose of your apple, it may in some way, help reduce the symptoms.

While you are getting a dose of anti-oxidant vitamin C, you are also having another form of a powerful antioxidant, catechin. Some scientists have proven that catechin can help reduce the risk of four major health problems like stroke, heart failure, cancer and diabetes. Phloridzin may be an unpopular flavonoid, but it can soon be very popular among post menopausal women who can find protection against the ravages of osteoporosis from phloridzin in apples. Phloridzin increases bone density and strengthens the bones.

Now, wonder why diabetics find apple as their friendliest fruit? The fiber content in apples, gives them the feeling of fullness that will keep them feel full for long periods of time, and thus lessen their chance of putting their blood sugar levels above normal from unnecessary eating. Moreover, galacturonic acid (a main component of pectin) in apple decreases the body’s need for insulin, and thus, helps diabetic people to cope with diabetes. Since poorly controlled diabetics are more prone to complications like cardiovascular diseases, pectin in itself can help lower blood levels of “bad cholesterol.”

If you are now thinking how to have those apples into your meals in an exciting manner, here are some suggestions you may want to try:

• Put apple cubes into your bowl of oats or mix with your cereals.
• Shred your apples over your fresh green salad or fruit salads.
• Slice it round to replace your fried potatoes or French fries.
• Garnish your afritada or Kaldereta with strips of apples.

There’s a lot more that you can do with your apple. So if you get one as a gift, be thankful for that precious apple in your hand, the benefits are a bite away.



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